Purpose: The purpose of this study were to (a) develop scale to measure athletes’ psychological methods and psychological skills, and (b) provide evidence of reliability and validity. Methods: All items were constructed based on the athlete’s super psychological skills (BIG 7 psychological methods, SUPER 5 psychological skills). and all of items were composed 5-point Likert scale. A total of 633 athletes were studied, and the study was conducted in form of basic items, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, comparison analysis, comparison with other scale(TOPS 2), group differences, and test-retest. Results: The basic items consisted of 96 items of 12 subfactors, with 7 subfactors of psychological methods and 5 subfactors of psychological skills. The exploratory factor analysis showed that the 11 subfactor structures of 6 psychological methods and 5 psychological skills were appropriate. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, 37 items of 11 subfactors were selected as final items. Additional results provided evidence of scale. Reliability analyses also showed adequate evidence for the internal consistency and stability. Conclusion: Developed scale is an effective and reliable for measuring the psychological methods and psychological skills of athletes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore and structure the concept of trauma experienced by sports players after injury. Methods: In this study, six male professional soccer players with more than 10 years of experience in sports injury post-traumatic stress were selected for the purpose of the focus group interview to explore the symptoms of injury post-traumatic stress. And A survey was conducted on 400 college sports athletes. The final 365 data were analyzed except for 35 cases that were double-listed or unfaithful. 152 persons for exploratory factor analysis and 213 persons for confirmatory factor analysis were used. The data were processed using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 10.0 versions, and Cronbach`s, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted. Results: The symptoms of sports injury trauma were fear, irritability, anger, doubt, afterimage, and obsession. The concept of sports injury trauma was extracted with 4 questions of social-isolation, 4 questions of psychological hyper-arousal, and 4 questions of image reexperience. This study was discussed based on the injury and rehabilitation psychology, and it will be used as basic data for sports rehabilitation counseling and intervention programs.

Purpose: This study developed and validated a measure of life skills for student-athletes in Korea. Methods: Three studies were performed to address the study purposes. Participants were 494 (study 1=29; study 2=233; study 3=232) student-athletes in Korea. Results: In study 1, 9 factors and 90 items were developed by inductive content analysis and expert meeting. In study 2, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) suggested that a seven-factor, 26-item model best fit the data. The factors included Goal Setting, Time Management, Coping with stress, Positive Thinking, Conflict Solution, Communication, and Emotional Control. In Study 3, The validity of the seven-factor solution was confirmed by conducting Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Fit indices suggested a good fit (x²/df=1.508, CFI=.938, TLI=.931, RMSEA=.047, SRMR=.056). Lastly, the concurrent and convergent validity of the newly developed measure was supported by significant relationships with other two questionnaires and the measure was named as the Life Skills Scale for Student-Athletes (LSSSA). Conclusion: The LSSSA appeared to assess unique characteristics of life skills for student-athletes in Korea.

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to explore the determinants of athletic identity and its measurement(Study 1), to test the relationships among athletic identity and its related variables in a longitudinal survey(Study 2), and to explore a predictive model of retirement process(Study 3). Methods: In study 1, interviews with adolescent and university athletes(N=70) were analyzed through deductive analysis(step 1). Also data collected from athletes(N=345) were analyzed by correlations and EFA(Step 2). In study 2, data from 574 athletes for testing a measurement model of athletic identity scale were analyzed by CFA, reliability, and correlation(Step 1). And data from 465 athletes were conducted by structural equation modeling and multi-group analysis (Step 2). In study 3, interviews collected from 12 university and retired athletes were analyzed via deductive analysis. Results: (1) Athletic identity develops through the four steps of the exploration to the self as an athlete, commitment and flow to sport, the re-exploration to his/her own self as an athlete, and the identification of his/her commitment to sport. (2) The athletic identity scale with five sub-factors of 20 items was valid and reliable for Korean athletes. (3) Athletes’ autonomous motivation and athletic identity partially mediated the relationship between autonomous coaching behaviors and satisfaction, but controlling coaching behaviors had an effect on satisfaction through controlled motivation and athletic identity. This causal relationships were invariant across gender. (4) Most of athletes experienced the transition process changing their careers throughout the four steps of sport initiation-practice, performance development, retirement preparation, and social adaptation. Conclusion: These findings suggest that athletes try to build their own self-identity in a numerous ways.

Purpose: Based on Bandura(1977)’s theory of self-efficacy, this study aims to develop scale to explore and diagnose construct of the competitive self-efficacy that influence the performance and behavior of DanceSport competitors in competition situations. Methods: The open survey collected various construct related to the competitive self-efficacy, developed preliminary scale based on inductive content analysis results, verified the measurement structure of the competitive self-efficacy through a series of factor analysis, and further confirmed the validity of external criterion through the verification of differences between gender, career and functional level. Results: DanceSports comperitors’ competitive self-efficacy was confirmed by their basic movement ability(BMA), couples communication ability(CCA), image making ability(IMA), musical expressive ability(MEA), physical and mental ability(PMA), and choreography project ability(CPA) structure, and male competitors were more competitive self-efficacy than female competitors, and the higher the level of career, winning experience. Conclusion: This study is meaningful in that it identified the concept of construct of multidimensional self-efficacy that reflects the characteristics, situation and context of DanceSport competition and developed psychometric diagnostic scale for the first time. Through this, we hope that follow-up studies will be carried out to find not only the performance of competitors but also their relationships with other cognitive, emotional and motivational variables.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the integrated model for the burnout and job engagement of coaches who work in the sport field. Therefore, the job demands-resources(JD-R) model, which has been applied to various occupations in the field of social science research, was made suitable for coaches and was analyzed between relevant variables. Methods: Data were collected from 145 coaches in South Korea through the survey. Measurement tools consisted of questionnaires on the coach’ burnout, job engagement, job demands, job resources, turnover intention, and job satisfaction that were designed in line with the research purpose. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, measurement model analysis, and multiple mediation effect analysis using phantom variables. Results: First, the job demands perceived by the coaches were negatively related to job satisfaction through burnout, and positively related to turnover intention through burnout. Second, mediating effect of burnout was found between job resources and job satisfaction. Third, job resources were negatively related to turnover intention through burnout and positively related to job satisfaction through job engagement. Conclusion: Burnout and job engagement perceived by coaches in the sport field were related to job demands and job resources, respectively, which can predict negative and positive results.

Purpose: The purpose of this case study was to examine the effects of 9 weeks of psychological s kills t raining on mood states, sports performance strategy and perceived performance of high school male and female swimmers in slump. Methods: Psychological skills training consisted of 90-minute sessions per week, which consisted of problem identification, goal setting, image training, cognitive reconstruction, positive self-talk, routine training, and crisis coping training. The study measured the mood states, the sports performance strategy and the perceived performance at baselines and at the 3rd, 6th, and 9th weeks of psychological skills intervention. In the same period, qualitative data were collected through personal counseling. Collected quantitative data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS 23.0 program to sum item response scores of each factor. The consultation contents were used as data after securing professionalism and truthfulness through expert meetings. Results: The study results showed that 9 weeks of psychological skills training had a positive effect on swimmers’ total mood disturbance. The sports performance strategies (self-talk, automatic performance, goal setting, imagery, activation relaxation, emotional control, negative thinking, distractability) were also improved by the psychological skill training. The perceived performance of the swimmers was partially improved. Conclusion: It was concluded that 9 weeks of psychological skills training has positive effect on the mood states, the sports performance strategy and the perceived performance of the swimmers in slump. In the future, it is necessary to form a counseling program that is more systematic and promotes the well-being of student athletes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate changes in movement behavior of the elderly due to the COVID-19 incident. Methods: To this end, 70 men and women aged 60 and older who reside in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province and have at least 3 years of athletic experience were selected. Through the open questionnaire and in-depth interview using online, the case of movement behavior change experienced by COVID-19 was explored. The collected data were categorized through inductive content analysis, and each categorized theme was specified through deductive development. Results: As a result, 4 major topics and 8 sub-themes of change in exercise pattern, strengthening exercise constraints, amplifying exercise anxiety, and giving up exercise were derived. As a result of in-depth interviews based on the results of categorization, we experienced changes in existing exercise methods, such as sports events and exercise patterns, due to the COVID-19 events. Experienced amplification of exercise anxiety due to the media reports of COVID-19, which had a high mortality rate for the elderly, and abandonment of exercise due to a decrease in basic activity and intention. Conclusion: According to the situation in COVID-19, several national policies have been announced, such as activation of online learning and social distance, and it is thought that this will affect not only the elderly but also athletic behavior and participation in all classes. In the future, the physical education community needs constant exploration and attention to these social phenomena and changes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the coupling of visual perception of stimulus trajectory and action during anticipation timing response with spatio-temporal accuracy demands by analyzing eye movement patterns, response accuracy, and the coordination patterns of eye and hand occurring during the response. Methods: Twelve subjects were asked to hit the stimulus moving at various velocities toward different directions in coincident with its arrival at the target area with a stylus. During the response, subjects’ timing response and eye movement patterns were measured from which differences in the point of gaze(POG) by the stimulus velocity and direction, distances between the POG and the position of stimulus at movement termination, and the spatio-temporal relationship between the POG and the position of the stylus were analyzed. Results: The spatio-temporal error of timing response increased with increasing stimulus velocity, while the latency and frequency of saccade increased with decreasing stimulus velocity. The POG arrived at the target area before the response completion in all velocity conditions, and while the temporal coupling of the POG and stylus increased with decreasing stimulus velocity, the distances from the POG to the stimulus and stylus at movement termination decreased with decreasing stimulus velocity. Conclusion: These results suggest that the POG patterns determined by the visual perception of stimulus trajectory function as an important criterion for determining the spatio-temporal accuracy of anticipation timing responses and are spatio-temporally coupled with the hand.